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Claudius Ptolemy’s curiosity about the dynamic relationships between the Earth and the sun, the Earth and the moon, and the cause and effect of climate led him to invent the longitude and latitude grid system to construct maps of the world. His mathematical proofs describing Earth as a sphere are still accepted today, despite the fact that he incorrectly placed this sphere as a fixed point in the center of a universe revolving around it daily. This map is taken from an edition of Cosmographiapublished in Ulm, Germany soon after his great works, which had been lost during the Middle Ages, and rediscovered during the Renaissance. This 1482 Ulm edition is noticeably different from previous Italian editions because it was printed from carved wood blocks rather than copperplate engravings. This map shows Africa as an extended southern land and the Indian Ocean as inland water.

Additional URLs for this map:

http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/Ancient%20Web%20Pages/119mono.html

http://www.muzeum-polskie.org/